Unravelling the Role of Oxidative Stress and ReactiveOxygen Species in Biological Systems: A Review

Natural cellular metabolism and external stimuli cause organisms to produce reactiveoxygen species (ROS). These substances are highly reactive and possess the capacity to degrade andalter the functionality of several cell constituents, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.Oxidative stress refers to a change in the ratio of oxidants to antioxidants that favors oxidants. It isessential for organ function, cell survival, activation, and proliferation, so that reducing and oxidizingstates are regulated. The integrated antioxidant systems of aerobic organisms consist of bothenzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, which are generally successful in preventing the negativeeffects of ROS. Many pathological states and illnesses are linked to oxidative stress. In this review,we cover the cellular implications and processes of oxidative stress as well as an overview of thecellular oxidant and antioxidant systems.